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The long, bird-like beak was the most distinctive feature of the outfit worn by some physicians treating plague victims (caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis). It typically had glass eye pieces and a curved beak roughly half a foot long. The beak was packed with aromatic herbs, flowers (like lavender or mint), spices, camphor, vinegar-soaked sponges, or mixtures such as theriac. This was based on the old miasma theory: the belief that disease spread through foul-smelling “bad air,” so the scents would purify the air before the doctor breathed it. britannica.com The full costume (usually credited to French physician Charles de Lorme around 1619) also included a long waxed or leather coat, gloves, boots, a hat, and often a cane or rod to examine patients from a distance without touching them. The beaked mask and outfit are strongly associated with later European plague outbreaks (especially 17th-century ones in places like Paris, Rome, and Naples), not the 14th-century Black Death itself — the famous images (like “Doctor Schnabel von Rom” / “Doctor Beak of Rome”) date from the 1600s. livescience.com While the herbs didn’t stop the actual bacteria (mainly spread by fleas or, in pneumonic cases, droplets), the full covering may have offered some practical protection by limiting skin exposure and flea bites. Today the look is mainly known from historical illustrations and as a popular costume/symbol.